{"id":2036,"date":"2014-06-07T15:38:04","date_gmt":"2014-06-07T07:38:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/?p=2036"},"modified":"2021-09-17T13:42:33","modified_gmt":"2021-09-17T05:42:33","slug":"tuning-forks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2036","title":{"rendered":"Tuning Forks"},"content":{"rendered":"<h5>Throughout recorded history, and to the present day, there has been no universally predominant standard musical pitch.\u00a0 Since 1939, there has been a concerted effort to establish A440 as the universal standard pitch, and A440 has gained considerable acceptance over the years, but even so, pitch has ranged from A415 for some early music ensembles, to A444 for some orchestras. The diversity of musical pitch was perhaps even greater in the nineteenth century, however, and varied between A423 and 457.<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><!--more--><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/media\/set\/?vanity=Piano.Technician.HK&amp;set=a.4679366968748255\"><strong>Gallery<\/strong><\/a><\/h5>\n<div class=\"embedsocial-album\" data-ref=\"9dce717c1ce7aa607182a7d7652f219198c5f197\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(d, s, id){var js; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = \"https:\/\/embedsocial.com\/embedscript\/ei.js\"; d.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(js);}(document, \"script\", \"EmbedSocialScript\"));<\/script><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>Please also refer to:<\/h5>\n<h5><a title=\"The History of Musical Pitch in Tuning the Pianoforte\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2033\">The History of Musical Pitch in Tuning the Pianoforte<\/a><\/h5>\n<h5><a title=\"History of Piano Tuning \u2013 PITCH\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/1800\">History of Piano Tuning \u2013 PITCH<\/a><\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>From:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/mshepherdpiano.com\/Martin_Shepherd_Piano_Service\/Antique_Piano_Tools.html\">Martin Shepherd<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled\"><div class=\"robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing\"><h3 class=\"sd-title\">Share this:<\/h3><div class=\"sd-content\"><ul><li class=\"share-facebook\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-facebook-2036\" class=\"share-facebook sd-button share-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2036?share=facebook\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on Facebook\"><span>Facebook<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-twitter\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-twitter-2036\" class=\"share-twitter sd-button share-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2036?share=twitter\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on Twitter\"><span>Twitter<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-jetpack-whatsapp\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"\" class=\"share-jetpack-whatsapp sd-button share-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2036?share=jetpack-whatsapp\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on WhatsApp\"><span>WhatsApp<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-linkedin\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-linkedin-2036\" class=\"share-linkedin sd-button share-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2036?share=linkedin\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on LinkedIn\"><span>LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-email\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"\" class=\"share-email sd-button share-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2036?share=email\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to email this to a friend\"><span>Email<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-print\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"\" class=\"share-print sd-button share-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2036\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to print\"><span>Print<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-end\"><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Throughout recorded history, and to the present day, there has been no universally predominant standard musical pitch.\u00a0 Since 1939, there &hellip; <a class=\"kt-excerpt-readmore\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2036\" aria-label=\"Tuning Forks\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled\"><div class=\"robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing\"><h3 class=\"sd-title\">Share this:<\/h3><div class=\"sd-content\"><ul><li class=\"share-facebook\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-facebook-2036\" class=\"share-facebook sd-button share-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2036?share=facebook\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on Facebook\"><span>Facebook<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-twitter\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-twitter-2036\" class=\"share-twitter sd-button share-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2036?share=twitter\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on Twitter\"><span>Twitter<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-jetpack-whatsapp\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"\" class=\"share-jetpack-whatsapp sd-button share-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2036?share=jetpack-whatsapp\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on WhatsApp\"><span>WhatsApp<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-linkedin\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"sharing-linkedin-2036\" class=\"share-linkedin sd-button share-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2036?share=linkedin\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to share on LinkedIn\"><span>LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-email\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"\" class=\"share-email sd-button share-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2036?share=email\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to email this to a friend\"><span>Email<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-print\"><a rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" data-shared=\"\" class=\"share-print sd-button share-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2036\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Click to print\"><span>Print<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"share-end\"><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2696,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"spay_email":""},"categories":[88,58],"tags":[1035,4,2037,1756,2050,960,496,527,947,91,2063,10,410,409,1972,13,2038,943],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/g169_1280382111-54583048_site_icon.png","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4ik8h-wQ","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":344,"url":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/344","url_meta":{"origin":2036,"position":0},"title":"Why piano is to be tuned to A440?","date":"January 28, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"The reason most pianos (and other instruments) are tuned to A440\u2014meaning the A above middle C vibrates at 440 Hz\u2014is because it became the international standard reference pitch in the 20th century. Historical Background Before standardization: Different regions and even different orchestras used different pitches. For example: France in the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;English Articles&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/A440_Tuning_Fork.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1800,"url":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/1800","url_meta":{"origin":2036,"position":1},"title":"History of Piano Tuning \u2013 PITCH","date":"May 10, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"It may seem somewhat strange to allocate part of what is predominantly a social study to a technical aspect of the piano tuner's art.\u00a0 However, over the period which is being examined, the matter of concert pitch was a source of perpetual upheaval and strife to the piano tuner. Concert\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;English Articles&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":345,"url":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/345","url_meta":{"origin":2036,"position":2},"title":"\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u9700\u8981\u5c07\u92fc\u7434\u8abf\u81f3A440?","date":"January 28, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"\u92fc\u7434\u8207\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6a02\u5668\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u8abf\u5230 A440\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e2d\u592e C \u4e0a\u65b9\u7684 A \u97f3\u632f\u52d5\u983b\u7387\u70ba 440 Hz\u3002\u9019\u500b\u6a19\u6e96\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7d93\u904e\u6b77\u53f2\u6f14\u8b8a\u8207\u570b\u969b\u5354\u8b70\u624d\u9010\u6f38\u7d71\u4e00\u3002A440 \u7684\u78ba\u7acb\uff0c\u8b93\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u6a02\u5668\u88fd\u9020\u5546\u3001\u8abf\u97f3\u5e2b\u8207\u97f3\u6a02\u5bb6\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u57fa\u6e96\u4e0b\u6f14\u594f\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u56e0\u97f3\u9ad8\u5dee\u7570\u800c\u7522\u751f\u6df7\u4e82\u3002 \u6b77\u53f2\u80cc\u666f \u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u4e4b\u524d\uff1a\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u5340\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u6a02\u5718\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u97f3\u9ad8\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002 19 \u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u6cd5\u570b\u5e38\u7528 A435\u3002 \u90e8\u5206\u5fb7\u570b\u6a02\u5718\u5247\u4f7f\u7528 A450 \u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u97f3\u9ad8\u660e\u986f\u504f\u9ad8\u3002 1939 \u5e74\u502b\u6566\u6703\u8b70\uff1a\u570b\u969b\u4e0a\u9996\u6b21\u5efa\u8b70\u5c07\u6a19\u6e96\u97f3\u5b9a\u70ba A440\u3002 1955 \u5e74\uff1a\u570b\u969b\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u7d44\u7e54\uff08ISO\uff09\u6b63\u5f0f\u5c07 A440 \u5b9a\u70ba\u5168\u7403\u6a19\u6e96\u97f3\u9ad8\uff08ISO 16\uff09\u3002 \u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9078\u64c7 A440 \u6298\u8877\u65b9\u6848\uff1a\u4ecb\u65bc\u8f03\u4f4e\u7684 A435 \u8207\u8f03\u9ad8\u7684 A445\u2013A450 \u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u5e73\u8861\u3002 \u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u5be6\u7528\u6027\uff1a440 Hz \u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7c21\u55ae\u3001\u6574\u9f4a\u7684\u6578\u5b57\uff0c\u65b9\u4fbf\u7528\u97f3\u53c9\u6216\u96fb\u5b50\u8a2d\u5099\u7522\u751f\u3002 \u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff1a\u8b93\u6a02\u5668\u88fd\u9020\u5546\u3001\u8abf\u97f3\u5e2b\u8207\u6a02\u5718\u80fd\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u57fa\u6e96\u4e0b\u5408\u4f5c\u3002 \u73fe\u4ee3\u5be6\u8e10 \u5927\u591a\u6578\u92fc\u7434\uff1a\u4ecd\u4ee5 A440 \u70ba\u57fa\u6e96\u8abf\u97f3\u3002 \u90e8\u5206\u6b50\u6d32\u6a02\u5718\uff1a\u504f\u597d A442 \u6216 A443\uff0c\u97f3\u8272\u66f4\u660e\u4eae\u3002 \u53e4\u6a02\u5718\u9ad4\uff1a\u6709\u6642\u6703\u4f7f\u7528\u6b77\u53f2\u97f3\u9ad8\uff08\u5982\u5df4\u6d1b\u514b\u97f3\u6a02\u7684 A415\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u7b26\u5408\u7576\u6642\u7684\u6f14\u594f\u7fd2\u6163\u3002 Reference: Wikipedia \u2013 A440\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u92fc\u7434\u8b77\u7406\u77e5\u8b58\/ Technical Advice&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/A440_Tuning_Fork.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":7709,"url":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/7709","url_meta":{"origin":2036,"position":3},"title":"Pitch Raising","date":"June 12, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"\u5982\u679c\u92fc\u7434\u5df2\u7d93\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u8d70\u4f4d, \u4f46\u5176 \u7d50\u69cb\u72c0\u6cc1 \u8a31\u53ef\u7684\u8a71, \u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6700\u7d42\u88ab\u8abf\u56de\u5230\u00a0\u97f3\u6e96 (Diapason) A440 \u7684. \u4e00\u500b\u6bd4\u8f03\u6eab\u548c\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f \u66f4\u983b\u5bc6\u5730\u5b89\u6392\u8abf\u97f3, \u6bcf\u6b21\u6309\u92fc\u7434\u72c0\u6cc1\u62c9\u9ad8\u97f3\u6e96, \u76f4\u5230 \u8abf\u5230 \u6307\u5b9a\u97f3\u6e96 (\u4e00\u822c\u662f A440) \u53ca \u97f3\u6e96\u7684\u7a69\u5b9a\u6027\u56de\u5fa9\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u6c34\u5e73. \u9019\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5c31\u662f Pitch Raising. \u512a\u9ede \u62c9\u65b7\u7d43\u7dda\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u8f03\u4f4e \u6bcf\u6b21\u8abf\u97f3\u63a7\u5236\u5f26\u7dda\u62c9\u529b\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\u5e45\u5ea6, \u5c0d\u65bc\u92fc\u7434\u7684\u7d50\u69cb (\u7279\u5225\u662f Pin Block) \u7684\u8ca0\u64d4\u8f03\u5c0f \u63a7\u5236\u5f26\u7dda\u62c9\u529b\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\u5e45\u5ea6 \u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u8457\u00a0\u97f3\u6e96\u7684\u7a69\u5b9a\u6027\u00a0\u8f03\u53ef\u80fd\u5728 Pitch Raising \u904e\u7a0b\u671f\u9593 \u7dad\u6301\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u6c34\u5e73, \u5c0d\u65bc\u5f48\u594f\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u8f03\u4f4e \u8abf\u97f3\u662f\u6309\u6b21 (\u9810\u7d04) \u6536\u8cbb\u7684, \u5206\u958b\u5728\u4e00\u6bb5\u6642\u671f\u8abf\u97f3, \u6bcf\u6b21\u7684\u8cbb\u7528\u6578\u984d\u8f03\u5c11, \u4e5f\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bb9\u6613\u9810\u7b97 \u9700\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9805 \u5982 Pin Block, \u6216\u662f\u92fc\u7434\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7d50\u69cb\u56e0\u7d20, \u7121\u6cd5\u627f\u53d7 \u8f03\u9ad8\u7684\u5f26\u7dda\u62c9\u529b, \u5247\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u9032\u884c\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u92fc\u7434\u8b77\u7406\u77e5\u8b58\/ Technical Advice&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/Piano-Strings.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2305,"url":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2305","url_meta":{"origin":2036,"position":4},"title":"Pianomaker\u2019s Braces","date":"June 17, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Hand-cranked bit braces are still used today for tightening large plate screws before pitch raising and general tuning, as this helps to secure pitch stability. Braces are also used to remove and replace plate screws when the large iron plate is removed during restoration for soundboard and bridge work.\u00a0 Standard\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;English Articles&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":2543,"url":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/2543","url_meta":{"origin":2036,"position":5},"title":"Entropy-based Tuning of Musical Instruments","date":"September 10, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"This is a fascinating, research-driven approach to tuning that blends physics, information theory, and psychoacoustics. Instead of relying purely on human ears or traditional electronic tuners, it uses entropy minimization as the guiding principle. Core Idea The human ear perceives sounds as \u201cin tune\u201d when their harmonic spectra are correlated\u2014that\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;English Articles&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Piano-Slider-2.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2036"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2036"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2036\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2696"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2036"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2036"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tongtuning.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2036"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}